Otdfbt

I am designing a board that will be plugged into a computer and will read the status of a button ~50 m away in an office environment (it's actually a lot closer, but the cable is long).

I think it's a good idea to galvanically isolate the button wiring from the computer, since the PC will be grounded. I don't want any faults on the wiring to be able to damage the computer.

I'm assuming less than 100 ohm resistance for the cable, and while a simple series resistor would work, I think having a constant current sink for the opto LED is safer (i.e. if the cable has to be a lot longer, or shorter, etc.).

Is this a sensible approach to it? Cost/space is not much an issue, so I could add some protection/filtering circuitry, but I'm not entirely sure where/how to do it, so I'd be happy to hear some suggestions.

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

Looks like too much circuitry, which leads to more cost, complexity, failures. There is nothing in the question that indicates anything more than series resistors are required. Adding components, like isolated switching power supplies, adds components with much higher failure rates than a few resistors and diodes. The circuit below is well protected, simple, reliable, and goes high/low when switch is closed/open. There would need to be a specific, compelling reason to add all that circuitry in the question.

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

That looks fine to me, but you may wish to put a diode across the optoisolator LED in case you get some ringing in the choke or wiring.

The two transistor current sink might be slightly better and maybe 100K is a bit on the high side for the resistor. Eg,

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

You could also flip the current limiter and put it on the other rail. Right now the opto sees a lot of common mode voltage change when the switch is pressed. Grounding the photodiode would reduce that because of the coupling capacitance of the DC-DC.

A simpler way would be to use a shielded cable (to shunt noise and ESD away), and then protect the microcontroller inputs with diodes to V_CC and ground.

The resistance of the cable is most likely to be between 1 or 10 ohms (as long as the AWG is more than 30 gauge).

I would make a current loop. Simple, cheap and reliable. You can connect the transistor in a common collector configuration if you want a non-inverted output. The optocoupler LED must be rated for at least 20 mA.