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What is the offset in a seaplane's hull?



The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InWhat are the circles/holes ahead of the wing of an MD-82?What is this metal plate below the door?What are the disadvantages of a twin boom aircraft?What are these two tail elements of the Avro RJ100?Why were the speed records set by seaplanes in the early thirties?What is the purpose of a small wing near the cockpit on the front of some planes?What is this pipe on the tail of this helicopter?What is this air-scoop behind the cockpit of the Polikarpov I-153 and Stearman?What are the hinged(?) structures in front of the F-4 Phantom's intakes?What is the weight of the fuselage (only) of the Boeing 747?










45












$begingroup$


I noticed there is a little offset in a seaplane's hull (highlighted in the following picture). I suppose this is useful as it exists in all the seaplanes I know.



It appears to be neither a hydrodynamic nor aerodynamic feature. I could not find clue by myself as I don't know this feature's name.



My question, what is its name and purpose?



Catalina (original image from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/PBY_Catalina.jpg)

(wikimedia.org)










share|improve this question











$endgroup$
















    45












    $begingroup$


    I noticed there is a little offset in a seaplane's hull (highlighted in the following picture). I suppose this is useful as it exists in all the seaplanes I know.



    It appears to be neither a hydrodynamic nor aerodynamic feature. I could not find clue by myself as I don't know this feature's name.



    My question, what is its name and purpose?



    Catalina (original image from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/PBY_Catalina.jpg)

    (wikimedia.org)










    share|improve this question











    $endgroup$














      45












      45








      45


      1



      $begingroup$


      I noticed there is a little offset in a seaplane's hull (highlighted in the following picture). I suppose this is useful as it exists in all the seaplanes I know.



      It appears to be neither a hydrodynamic nor aerodynamic feature. I could not find clue by myself as I don't know this feature's name.



      My question, what is its name and purpose?



      Catalina (original image from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/PBY_Catalina.jpg)

      (wikimedia.org)










      share|improve this question











      $endgroup$




      I noticed there is a little offset in a seaplane's hull (highlighted in the following picture). I suppose this is useful as it exists in all the seaplanes I know.



      It appears to be neither a hydrodynamic nor aerodynamic feature. I could not find clue by myself as I don't know this feature's name.



      My question, what is its name and purpose?



      Catalina (original image from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/PBY_Catalina.jpg)

      (wikimedia.org)







      aircraft-design feature-identification fuselage seaplane






      share|improve this question















      share|improve this question













      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question








      edited Apr 7 at 8:26









      Notts90

      2,13231640




      2,13231640










      asked Apr 6 at 12:09









      Manu HManu H

      5,6841060139




      5,6841060139




















          3 Answers
          3






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          56












          $begingroup$

          That's called the step. Without it, you'd have to fight against the buoyancy of the rear end of the hull when you rotate for takeoff.




          However, a seaplane float or hull must be designed to permit the seaplane to be rotated or pitched up to increase the wing's angle of attack and gain the most lift for takeoffs and landings. Thus, the underside of the float or hull has a sudden break in its longitudinal lines at the approximate point around which the seaplane rotates into the lift off attitude. This break, called a "step," also provides a means of interrupting the capillary or adhesive properties of the water.



          The water can then flow freely behind the step, resulting in minimum surface friction so the seaplane can lift out of the water. The steps are located slightly behind the airplane's centre of gravity, approximately at the point where the main wheels of a landplane are located. If the steps were located to[o] far aft or forward of this point, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to rotate the airplane into a pitch-up attitude prior to planing (rising partly out of the water while moving at high speed) or lift off. Although steps are necessary, the sharp break along the float's or hull's underside causes structural stress concentration, and in flight produces considerable drag because of the eddying turbulence it creates in the airflow.







          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$








          • 8




            $begingroup$
            Re the drag in flight, an obvious question would be whether anyone had a retractable fairing behind the step to solve that problem? I hit Google and found a few places speculating about that (including US patent US6042052A in 1998), but no evidence of designers actually using one.
            $endgroup$
            – Graham
            Apr 6 at 23:41






          • 2




            $begingroup$
            @Graham I think the demand for better sea planes died around the time the Sea Dart and the Caspian Sea Monster. (Both of which incidentally had a different solution to the lift off from water problem than the step.) So lots of cool ideas but nobody to pay for actually using them.
            $endgroup$
            – Ville Niemi
            Apr 7 at 20:16










          • $begingroup$
            @VilleNiemi Yes, that was my thinking too. It did seem like something they could have tried before then, but I guess no-one did.
            $endgroup$
            – Graham
            Apr 7 at 20:47










          • $begingroup$
            A retractable fairing would complicate the design: the fairing has to seal perfectly against the step when it's extended, otherwise you're creating a giant scoop. It has to be sturdy enough not to be ripped off by the water. etc.
            $endgroup$
            – Hobbes
            2 days ago










          • $begingroup$
            No, the angled part allows for rotating. The step reduces water drag.
            $endgroup$
            – bogl
            2 days ago


















          28












          $begingroup$

          enter image description here



          It's called a hull step. Below is with and without:




          enter image description here



          It reduces water drag. As the plane gains speed and the aft body is lifted, only the forward hull will be in contact with the water.




          Source: Laté 631 Replica - Chapter 3 - Hydrodynamics






          share|improve this answer









          $endgroup$




















            8












            $begingroup$

            As everybody has said, it's called a 'step'.



            But it's nothing to do with buoyancy, it's to do with the opposite effect - water suction. Without the step you will never get the airplane off the water simply due to the suction of the water clinging onto the airplane.



            The step forces a break in the water-suction, in the case of the Catalina above probably halving it, which then allows the lift of the airplane to overpower the remaining water suction.






            share|improve this answer









            $endgroup$













              Your Answer





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              3 Answers
              3






              active

              oldest

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              3 Answers
              3






              active

              oldest

              votes









              active

              oldest

              votes






              active

              oldest

              votes









              56












              $begingroup$

              That's called the step. Without it, you'd have to fight against the buoyancy of the rear end of the hull when you rotate for takeoff.




              However, a seaplane float or hull must be designed to permit the seaplane to be rotated or pitched up to increase the wing's angle of attack and gain the most lift for takeoffs and landings. Thus, the underside of the float or hull has a sudden break in its longitudinal lines at the approximate point around which the seaplane rotates into the lift off attitude. This break, called a "step," also provides a means of interrupting the capillary or adhesive properties of the water.



              The water can then flow freely behind the step, resulting in minimum surface friction so the seaplane can lift out of the water. The steps are located slightly behind the airplane's centre of gravity, approximately at the point where the main wheels of a landplane are located. If the steps were located to[o] far aft or forward of this point, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to rotate the airplane into a pitch-up attitude prior to planing (rising partly out of the water while moving at high speed) or lift off. Although steps are necessary, the sharp break along the float's or hull's underside causes structural stress concentration, and in flight produces considerable drag because of the eddying turbulence it creates in the airflow.







              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$








              • 8




                $begingroup$
                Re the drag in flight, an obvious question would be whether anyone had a retractable fairing behind the step to solve that problem? I hit Google and found a few places speculating about that (including US patent US6042052A in 1998), but no evidence of designers actually using one.
                $endgroup$
                – Graham
                Apr 6 at 23:41






              • 2




                $begingroup$
                @Graham I think the demand for better sea planes died around the time the Sea Dart and the Caspian Sea Monster. (Both of which incidentally had a different solution to the lift off from water problem than the step.) So lots of cool ideas but nobody to pay for actually using them.
                $endgroup$
                – Ville Niemi
                Apr 7 at 20:16










              • $begingroup$
                @VilleNiemi Yes, that was my thinking too. It did seem like something they could have tried before then, but I guess no-one did.
                $endgroup$
                – Graham
                Apr 7 at 20:47










              • $begingroup$
                A retractable fairing would complicate the design: the fairing has to seal perfectly against the step when it's extended, otherwise you're creating a giant scoop. It has to be sturdy enough not to be ripped off by the water. etc.
                $endgroup$
                – Hobbes
                2 days ago










              • $begingroup$
                No, the angled part allows for rotating. The step reduces water drag.
                $endgroup$
                – bogl
                2 days ago















              56












              $begingroup$

              That's called the step. Without it, you'd have to fight against the buoyancy of the rear end of the hull when you rotate for takeoff.




              However, a seaplane float or hull must be designed to permit the seaplane to be rotated or pitched up to increase the wing's angle of attack and gain the most lift for takeoffs and landings. Thus, the underside of the float or hull has a sudden break in its longitudinal lines at the approximate point around which the seaplane rotates into the lift off attitude. This break, called a "step," also provides a means of interrupting the capillary or adhesive properties of the water.



              The water can then flow freely behind the step, resulting in minimum surface friction so the seaplane can lift out of the water. The steps are located slightly behind the airplane's centre of gravity, approximately at the point where the main wheels of a landplane are located. If the steps were located to[o] far aft or forward of this point, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to rotate the airplane into a pitch-up attitude prior to planing (rising partly out of the water while moving at high speed) or lift off. Although steps are necessary, the sharp break along the float's or hull's underside causes structural stress concentration, and in flight produces considerable drag because of the eddying turbulence it creates in the airflow.







              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$








              • 8




                $begingroup$
                Re the drag in flight, an obvious question would be whether anyone had a retractable fairing behind the step to solve that problem? I hit Google and found a few places speculating about that (including US patent US6042052A in 1998), but no evidence of designers actually using one.
                $endgroup$
                – Graham
                Apr 6 at 23:41






              • 2




                $begingroup$
                @Graham I think the demand for better sea planes died around the time the Sea Dart and the Caspian Sea Monster. (Both of which incidentally had a different solution to the lift off from water problem than the step.) So lots of cool ideas but nobody to pay for actually using them.
                $endgroup$
                – Ville Niemi
                Apr 7 at 20:16










              • $begingroup$
                @VilleNiemi Yes, that was my thinking too. It did seem like something they could have tried before then, but I guess no-one did.
                $endgroup$
                – Graham
                Apr 7 at 20:47










              • $begingroup$
                A retractable fairing would complicate the design: the fairing has to seal perfectly against the step when it's extended, otherwise you're creating a giant scoop. It has to be sturdy enough not to be ripped off by the water. etc.
                $endgroup$
                – Hobbes
                2 days ago










              • $begingroup$
                No, the angled part allows for rotating. The step reduces water drag.
                $endgroup$
                – bogl
                2 days ago













              56












              56








              56





              $begingroup$

              That's called the step. Without it, you'd have to fight against the buoyancy of the rear end of the hull when you rotate for takeoff.




              However, a seaplane float or hull must be designed to permit the seaplane to be rotated or pitched up to increase the wing's angle of attack and gain the most lift for takeoffs and landings. Thus, the underside of the float or hull has a sudden break in its longitudinal lines at the approximate point around which the seaplane rotates into the lift off attitude. This break, called a "step," also provides a means of interrupting the capillary or adhesive properties of the water.



              The water can then flow freely behind the step, resulting in minimum surface friction so the seaplane can lift out of the water. The steps are located slightly behind the airplane's centre of gravity, approximately at the point where the main wheels of a landplane are located. If the steps were located to[o] far aft or forward of this point, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to rotate the airplane into a pitch-up attitude prior to planing (rising partly out of the water while moving at high speed) or lift off. Although steps are necessary, the sharp break along the float's or hull's underside causes structural stress concentration, and in flight produces considerable drag because of the eddying turbulence it creates in the airflow.







              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$



              That's called the step. Without it, you'd have to fight against the buoyancy of the rear end of the hull when you rotate for takeoff.




              However, a seaplane float or hull must be designed to permit the seaplane to be rotated or pitched up to increase the wing's angle of attack and gain the most lift for takeoffs and landings. Thus, the underside of the float or hull has a sudden break in its longitudinal lines at the approximate point around which the seaplane rotates into the lift off attitude. This break, called a "step," also provides a means of interrupting the capillary or adhesive properties of the water.



              The water can then flow freely behind the step, resulting in minimum surface friction so the seaplane can lift out of the water. The steps are located slightly behind the airplane's centre of gravity, approximately at the point where the main wheels of a landplane are located. If the steps were located to[o] far aft or forward of this point, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to rotate the airplane into a pitch-up attitude prior to planing (rising partly out of the water while moving at high speed) or lift off. Although steps are necessary, the sharp break along the float's or hull's underside causes structural stress concentration, and in flight produces considerable drag because of the eddying turbulence it creates in the airflow.








              share|improve this answer














              share|improve this answer



              share|improve this answer








              edited 2 days ago









              Federico

              26.5k16107157




              26.5k16107157










              answered Apr 6 at 12:32









              HobbesHobbes

              4,5051117




              4,5051117







              • 8




                $begingroup$
                Re the drag in flight, an obvious question would be whether anyone had a retractable fairing behind the step to solve that problem? I hit Google and found a few places speculating about that (including US patent US6042052A in 1998), but no evidence of designers actually using one.
                $endgroup$
                – Graham
                Apr 6 at 23:41






              • 2




                $begingroup$
                @Graham I think the demand for better sea planes died around the time the Sea Dart and the Caspian Sea Monster. (Both of which incidentally had a different solution to the lift off from water problem than the step.) So lots of cool ideas but nobody to pay for actually using them.
                $endgroup$
                – Ville Niemi
                Apr 7 at 20:16










              • $begingroup$
                @VilleNiemi Yes, that was my thinking too. It did seem like something they could have tried before then, but I guess no-one did.
                $endgroup$
                – Graham
                Apr 7 at 20:47










              • $begingroup$
                A retractable fairing would complicate the design: the fairing has to seal perfectly against the step when it's extended, otherwise you're creating a giant scoop. It has to be sturdy enough not to be ripped off by the water. etc.
                $endgroup$
                – Hobbes
                2 days ago










              • $begingroup$
                No, the angled part allows for rotating. The step reduces water drag.
                $endgroup$
                – bogl
                2 days ago












              • 8




                $begingroup$
                Re the drag in flight, an obvious question would be whether anyone had a retractable fairing behind the step to solve that problem? I hit Google and found a few places speculating about that (including US patent US6042052A in 1998), but no evidence of designers actually using one.
                $endgroup$
                – Graham
                Apr 6 at 23:41






              • 2




                $begingroup$
                @Graham I think the demand for better sea planes died around the time the Sea Dart and the Caspian Sea Monster. (Both of which incidentally had a different solution to the lift off from water problem than the step.) So lots of cool ideas but nobody to pay for actually using them.
                $endgroup$
                – Ville Niemi
                Apr 7 at 20:16










              • $begingroup$
                @VilleNiemi Yes, that was my thinking too. It did seem like something they could have tried before then, but I guess no-one did.
                $endgroup$
                – Graham
                Apr 7 at 20:47










              • $begingroup$
                A retractable fairing would complicate the design: the fairing has to seal perfectly against the step when it's extended, otherwise you're creating a giant scoop. It has to be sturdy enough not to be ripped off by the water. etc.
                $endgroup$
                – Hobbes
                2 days ago










              • $begingroup$
                No, the angled part allows for rotating. The step reduces water drag.
                $endgroup$
                – bogl
                2 days ago







              8




              8




              $begingroup$
              Re the drag in flight, an obvious question would be whether anyone had a retractable fairing behind the step to solve that problem? I hit Google and found a few places speculating about that (including US patent US6042052A in 1998), but no evidence of designers actually using one.
              $endgroup$
              – Graham
              Apr 6 at 23:41




              $begingroup$
              Re the drag in flight, an obvious question would be whether anyone had a retractable fairing behind the step to solve that problem? I hit Google and found a few places speculating about that (including US patent US6042052A in 1998), but no evidence of designers actually using one.
              $endgroup$
              – Graham
              Apr 6 at 23:41




              2




              2




              $begingroup$
              @Graham I think the demand for better sea planes died around the time the Sea Dart and the Caspian Sea Monster. (Both of which incidentally had a different solution to the lift off from water problem than the step.) So lots of cool ideas but nobody to pay for actually using them.
              $endgroup$
              – Ville Niemi
              Apr 7 at 20:16




              $begingroup$
              @Graham I think the demand for better sea planes died around the time the Sea Dart and the Caspian Sea Monster. (Both of which incidentally had a different solution to the lift off from water problem than the step.) So lots of cool ideas but nobody to pay for actually using them.
              $endgroup$
              – Ville Niemi
              Apr 7 at 20:16












              $begingroup$
              @VilleNiemi Yes, that was my thinking too. It did seem like something they could have tried before then, but I guess no-one did.
              $endgroup$
              – Graham
              Apr 7 at 20:47




              $begingroup$
              @VilleNiemi Yes, that was my thinking too. It did seem like something they could have tried before then, but I guess no-one did.
              $endgroup$
              – Graham
              Apr 7 at 20:47












              $begingroup$
              A retractable fairing would complicate the design: the fairing has to seal perfectly against the step when it's extended, otherwise you're creating a giant scoop. It has to be sturdy enough not to be ripped off by the water. etc.
              $endgroup$
              – Hobbes
              2 days ago




              $begingroup$
              A retractable fairing would complicate the design: the fairing has to seal perfectly against the step when it's extended, otherwise you're creating a giant scoop. It has to be sturdy enough not to be ripped off by the water. etc.
              $endgroup$
              – Hobbes
              2 days ago












              $begingroup$
              No, the angled part allows for rotating. The step reduces water drag.
              $endgroup$
              – bogl
              2 days ago




              $begingroup$
              No, the angled part allows for rotating. The step reduces water drag.
              $endgroup$
              – bogl
              2 days ago











              28












              $begingroup$

              enter image description here



              It's called a hull step. Below is with and without:




              enter image description here



              It reduces water drag. As the plane gains speed and the aft body is lifted, only the forward hull will be in contact with the water.




              Source: Laté 631 Replica - Chapter 3 - Hydrodynamics






              share|improve this answer









              $endgroup$

















                28












                $begingroup$

                enter image description here



                It's called a hull step. Below is with and without:




                enter image description here



                It reduces water drag. As the plane gains speed and the aft body is lifted, only the forward hull will be in contact with the water.




                Source: Laté 631 Replica - Chapter 3 - Hydrodynamics






                share|improve this answer









                $endgroup$















                  28












                  28








                  28





                  $begingroup$

                  enter image description here



                  It's called a hull step. Below is with and without:




                  enter image description here



                  It reduces water drag. As the plane gains speed and the aft body is lifted, only the forward hull will be in contact with the water.




                  Source: Laté 631 Replica - Chapter 3 - Hydrodynamics






                  share|improve this answer









                  $endgroup$



                  enter image description here



                  It's called a hull step. Below is with and without:




                  enter image description here



                  It reduces water drag. As the plane gains speed and the aft body is lifted, only the forward hull will be in contact with the water.




                  Source: Laté 631 Replica - Chapter 3 - Hydrodynamics







                  share|improve this answer












                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer










                  answered Apr 6 at 12:32









                  ymb1ymb1

                  70.2k7225372




                  70.2k7225372





















                      8












                      $begingroup$

                      As everybody has said, it's called a 'step'.



                      But it's nothing to do with buoyancy, it's to do with the opposite effect - water suction. Without the step you will never get the airplane off the water simply due to the suction of the water clinging onto the airplane.



                      The step forces a break in the water-suction, in the case of the Catalina above probably halving it, which then allows the lift of the airplane to overpower the remaining water suction.






                      share|improve this answer









                      $endgroup$

















                        8












                        $begingroup$

                        As everybody has said, it's called a 'step'.



                        But it's nothing to do with buoyancy, it's to do with the opposite effect - water suction. Without the step you will never get the airplane off the water simply due to the suction of the water clinging onto the airplane.



                        The step forces a break in the water-suction, in the case of the Catalina above probably halving it, which then allows the lift of the airplane to overpower the remaining water suction.






                        share|improve this answer









                        $endgroup$















                          8












                          8








                          8





                          $begingroup$

                          As everybody has said, it's called a 'step'.



                          But it's nothing to do with buoyancy, it's to do with the opposite effect - water suction. Without the step you will never get the airplane off the water simply due to the suction of the water clinging onto the airplane.



                          The step forces a break in the water-suction, in the case of the Catalina above probably halving it, which then allows the lift of the airplane to overpower the remaining water suction.






                          share|improve this answer









                          $endgroup$



                          As everybody has said, it's called a 'step'.



                          But it's nothing to do with buoyancy, it's to do with the opposite effect - water suction. Without the step you will never get the airplane off the water simply due to the suction of the water clinging onto the airplane.



                          The step forces a break in the water-suction, in the case of the Catalina above probably halving it, which then allows the lift of the airplane to overpower the remaining water suction.







                          share|improve this answer












                          share|improve this answer



                          share|improve this answer










                          answered 2 days ago









                          RACRAC

                          2,58559




                          2,58559



























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