FreeBSD VMware and CAM status: SCSI Status ErrorVMWare ESX/i 4 SCSI Tape?How can I check disk slices and part status on FreeBSD?freebsd bcrypt install errorFreeBSD Ngnix installation errorGathering buslogic SCSI hardware and virtual machine operating systemSCSI Windows NT from vmware to virtualboxESXi 5.1 SCSI and NMP Errors Filling vmkernel.logFreeBSD 9.2 networking issues on latest VMWare ESXi, any workarounds?error loading /scsi-qla.v01, fatal error:33Does SCSI HBA ata_piix or mptspi correspond to VM's virtual disk in VMware?

Multi tool use
Multi tool use

Is there a reason why Turkey took the Balkan territories of the Ottoman Empire, instead of Greece or another of the Balkan states?

Emergency stop in plain TeX, pdfTeX, XeTeX and LuaTeX?

Changing stroke width vertically but not horizontally in Inkscape

Ab major 9th chord in Bach

Debian 9 server no sshd in auth.log

How long does it take a postcard to get from USA to Germany?

GitLab account hacked and repo wiped

How did the Force make Luke hard to hit in the Battle of Yavin?

How to use awk to extract data from a file based on the content of another file?

How is Pauli's exclusion principle still valid in these cases?

How is trade in services conducted under the WTO in the absence of the Doha conclusion?

Is throwing dice a stochastic or a deterministic process?

What is more safe for browsing the web: PC or smartphone?

As a GM, is it bad form to ask for a moment to think when improvising?

Subnumcases as a part of align

Make me a minimum magic sum

Has the United States ever had a non-Christian President?

A 2-connected graph contains a path passing through all the odd degree vertices

Efficient deletion of specific list entries

What word describes the sound of an instrument based on the shape of the waveform of its sound?

What does the copyright in a dissertation protect exactly?

Where did Lovecraft write about Carcosa?

Can a player choose to add detail and flavor to their character's spells and abilities?

How can I finally understand the confusing modal verb "мочь"?



FreeBSD VMware and CAM status: SCSI Status Error


VMWare ESX/i 4 SCSI Tape?How can I check disk slices and part status on FreeBSD?freebsd bcrypt install errorFreeBSD Ngnix installation errorGathering buslogic SCSI hardware and virtual machine operating systemSCSI Windows NT from vmware to virtualboxESXi 5.1 SCSI and NMP Errors Filling vmkernel.logFreeBSD 9.2 networking issues on latest VMWare ESXi, any workarounds?error loading /scsi-qla.v01, fatal error:33Does SCSI HBA ata_piix or mptspi correspond to VM's virtual disk in VMware?






.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty height:90px;width:728px;box-sizing:border-box;








1















I'm running a FreeBSD 10.1-RELEASE-p19 on a VPS (VMware).



My ISP is experience a rapid data growth, and these messages spontaneous started to show up in our logs a week ago.



Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): SCSI status: Busy
Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): Retrying command
Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): WRITE(10). CDB: 2a 00 03 f9 6c 22 00 00 40 00
Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): CAM status: SCSI Status Error


Sometimes the server is totally losing contact with the storage, and then panic and restarts. This often occur every even hour, presumably by a routine job (migration/backup).



Until my ISP have added more storage system, that will lower the load on the storage, I really want to try do something.



I have found this, but are unsure how to patch/use the information:
https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111



I also found this (vfs.unmapped_buf_allowed=0), but I'm unsure if this could be related?
https://www.freebsd.org/releases/10.1R/errata.html#open-issues



camcontrol tags da0 -v



(pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): dev_openings 127
(pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): dev_active 0
(pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): devq_openings 127
(pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): devq_queued 0
(pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): held -1
(pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): mintags 2
(pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): maxtags 255


gstat info when errors occur:
enter image description here



Any thoughts, hints, ideas would be really really really appreciated.



Thanks!










share|improve this question






























    1















    I'm running a FreeBSD 10.1-RELEASE-p19 on a VPS (VMware).



    My ISP is experience a rapid data growth, and these messages spontaneous started to show up in our logs a week ago.



    Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): SCSI status: Busy
    Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): Retrying command
    Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): WRITE(10). CDB: 2a 00 03 f9 6c 22 00 00 40 00
    Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): CAM status: SCSI Status Error


    Sometimes the server is totally losing contact with the storage, and then panic and restarts. This often occur every even hour, presumably by a routine job (migration/backup).



    Until my ISP have added more storage system, that will lower the load on the storage, I really want to try do something.



    I have found this, but are unsure how to patch/use the information:
    https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111



    I also found this (vfs.unmapped_buf_allowed=0), but I'm unsure if this could be related?
    https://www.freebsd.org/releases/10.1R/errata.html#open-issues



    camcontrol tags da0 -v



    (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): dev_openings 127
    (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): dev_active 0
    (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): devq_openings 127
    (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): devq_queued 0
    (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): held -1
    (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): mintags 2
    (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): maxtags 255


    gstat info when errors occur:
    enter image description here



    Any thoughts, hints, ideas would be really really really appreciated.



    Thanks!










    share|improve this question


























      1












      1








      1








      I'm running a FreeBSD 10.1-RELEASE-p19 on a VPS (VMware).



      My ISP is experience a rapid data growth, and these messages spontaneous started to show up in our logs a week ago.



      Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): SCSI status: Busy
      Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): Retrying command
      Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): WRITE(10). CDB: 2a 00 03 f9 6c 22 00 00 40 00
      Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): CAM status: SCSI Status Error


      Sometimes the server is totally losing contact with the storage, and then panic and restarts. This often occur every even hour, presumably by a routine job (migration/backup).



      Until my ISP have added more storage system, that will lower the load on the storage, I really want to try do something.



      I have found this, but are unsure how to patch/use the information:
      https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111



      I also found this (vfs.unmapped_buf_allowed=0), but I'm unsure if this could be related?
      https://www.freebsd.org/releases/10.1R/errata.html#open-issues



      camcontrol tags da0 -v



      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): dev_openings 127
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): dev_active 0
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): devq_openings 127
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): devq_queued 0
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): held -1
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): mintags 2
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): maxtags 255


      gstat info when errors occur:
      enter image description here



      Any thoughts, hints, ideas would be really really really appreciated.



      Thanks!










      share|improve this question
















      I'm running a FreeBSD 10.1-RELEASE-p19 on a VPS (VMware).



      My ISP is experience a rapid data growth, and these messages spontaneous started to show up in our logs a week ago.



      Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): SCSI status: Busy
      Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): Retrying command
      Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): WRITE(10). CDB: 2a 00 03 f9 6c 22 00 00 40 00
      Sep 25 09:00:50 srv03 kernel: (da0:mpt0:0:0:0): CAM status: SCSI Status Error


      Sometimes the server is totally losing contact with the storage, and then panic and restarts. This often occur every even hour, presumably by a routine job (migration/backup).



      Until my ISP have added more storage system, that will lower the load on the storage, I really want to try do something.



      I have found this, but are unsure how to patch/use the information:
      https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111



      I also found this (vfs.unmapped_buf_allowed=0), but I'm unsure if this could be related?
      https://www.freebsd.org/releases/10.1R/errata.html#open-issues



      camcontrol tags da0 -v



      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): dev_openings 127
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): dev_active 0
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): devq_openings 127
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): devq_queued 0
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): held -1
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): mintags 2
      (pass1:mpt0:0:0:0): maxtags 255


      gstat info when errors occur:
      enter image description here



      Any thoughts, hints, ideas would be really really really appreciated.



      Thanks!







      vmware-esxi freebsd storage-area-network scsi






      share|improve this question















      share|improve this question













      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question








      edited Sep 25 '15 at 10:16







      Alldo

















      asked Sep 25 '15 at 8:12









      AlldoAlldo

      2317




      2317




















          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          0














          If you are using VMWare, thus mpt(4) is purely virtual, I would suggest changing it to something more simple, like ICH10.



          Otherwise I suggest you play with camcontrol tags, either increasing or decreasing queue length.



          If you'll chose to reprovision disks using another driver, notice that SAS -> SATA controller change may result in device naming change, probably /dev/daX will become /dev/adaX, so unless you are using zfs or mounting your disks via disk labels, you'll have to edit /etc/fstab.



          As about your gstat output - there's clearly something wrong with it, probably to the nature of the virtual environment support in FreeBSD. 600% load is nonsense. I suggest you report this into the FreeBSD Bugzilla.



          P.S. The advice to change disk provisioning controller type still stands.
          P.P.S. Or. Or I would try to lover the queue length of the mpt(4) to 128 or even 64.






          share|improve this answer

























          • Thanks for your answer @drookie, please let me get back with a gstat snapshot to start with. The man page says that novice users (like me), should stay away from camcontrol - sounds a bit scary.

            – Alldo
            Sep 25 '15 at 9:44











          • Your'e right, but this time I advise you so. I tried this by myself on mpt(4) with LSI 1064 controller family, no devastating or even harmful consequencies encountered (though I didn't notice any improvements too, in my case). But you're right, it's your equipment. I updated my answer too, please notice changes.

            – drookie
            Sep 25 '15 at 10:32











          • Thanks again @drookie - I have found this, that seems to address and fix this exact problem: svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111 A upgrade to 10.2-Release resolved the issues. Thanks for your input!

            – Alldo
            Oct 1 '15 at 6:09











          Your Answer








          StackExchange.ready(function()
          var channelOptions =
          tags: "".split(" "),
          id: "2"
          ;
          initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

          StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
          // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
          if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
          StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
          createEditor();
          );

          else
          createEditor();

          );

          function createEditor()
          StackExchange.prepareEditor(
          heartbeatType: 'answer',
          autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
          convertImagesToLinks: true,
          noModals: true,
          showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
          reputationToPostImages: 10,
          bindNavPrevention: true,
          postfix: "",
          imageUploader:
          brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
          contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
          allowUrls: true
          ,
          onDemand: true,
          discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
          ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
          );



          );













          draft saved

          draft discarded


















          StackExchange.ready(
          function ()
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fserverfault.com%2fquestions%2f724757%2ffreebsd-vmware-and-cam-status-scsi-status-error%23new-answer', 'question_page');

          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown

























          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes








          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes









          0














          If you are using VMWare, thus mpt(4) is purely virtual, I would suggest changing it to something more simple, like ICH10.



          Otherwise I suggest you play with camcontrol tags, either increasing or decreasing queue length.



          If you'll chose to reprovision disks using another driver, notice that SAS -> SATA controller change may result in device naming change, probably /dev/daX will become /dev/adaX, so unless you are using zfs or mounting your disks via disk labels, you'll have to edit /etc/fstab.



          As about your gstat output - there's clearly something wrong with it, probably to the nature of the virtual environment support in FreeBSD. 600% load is nonsense. I suggest you report this into the FreeBSD Bugzilla.



          P.S. The advice to change disk provisioning controller type still stands.
          P.P.S. Or. Or I would try to lover the queue length of the mpt(4) to 128 or even 64.






          share|improve this answer

























          • Thanks for your answer @drookie, please let me get back with a gstat snapshot to start with. The man page says that novice users (like me), should stay away from camcontrol - sounds a bit scary.

            – Alldo
            Sep 25 '15 at 9:44











          • Your'e right, but this time I advise you so. I tried this by myself on mpt(4) with LSI 1064 controller family, no devastating or even harmful consequencies encountered (though I didn't notice any improvements too, in my case). But you're right, it's your equipment. I updated my answer too, please notice changes.

            – drookie
            Sep 25 '15 at 10:32











          • Thanks again @drookie - I have found this, that seems to address and fix this exact problem: svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111 A upgrade to 10.2-Release resolved the issues. Thanks for your input!

            – Alldo
            Oct 1 '15 at 6:09















          0














          If you are using VMWare, thus mpt(4) is purely virtual, I would suggest changing it to something more simple, like ICH10.



          Otherwise I suggest you play with camcontrol tags, either increasing or decreasing queue length.



          If you'll chose to reprovision disks using another driver, notice that SAS -> SATA controller change may result in device naming change, probably /dev/daX will become /dev/adaX, so unless you are using zfs or mounting your disks via disk labels, you'll have to edit /etc/fstab.



          As about your gstat output - there's clearly something wrong with it, probably to the nature of the virtual environment support in FreeBSD. 600% load is nonsense. I suggest you report this into the FreeBSD Bugzilla.



          P.S. The advice to change disk provisioning controller type still stands.
          P.P.S. Or. Or I would try to lover the queue length of the mpt(4) to 128 or even 64.






          share|improve this answer

























          • Thanks for your answer @drookie, please let me get back with a gstat snapshot to start with. The man page says that novice users (like me), should stay away from camcontrol - sounds a bit scary.

            – Alldo
            Sep 25 '15 at 9:44











          • Your'e right, but this time I advise you so. I tried this by myself on mpt(4) with LSI 1064 controller family, no devastating or even harmful consequencies encountered (though I didn't notice any improvements too, in my case). But you're right, it's your equipment. I updated my answer too, please notice changes.

            – drookie
            Sep 25 '15 at 10:32











          • Thanks again @drookie - I have found this, that seems to address and fix this exact problem: svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111 A upgrade to 10.2-Release resolved the issues. Thanks for your input!

            – Alldo
            Oct 1 '15 at 6:09













          0












          0








          0







          If you are using VMWare, thus mpt(4) is purely virtual, I would suggest changing it to something more simple, like ICH10.



          Otherwise I suggest you play with camcontrol tags, either increasing or decreasing queue length.



          If you'll chose to reprovision disks using another driver, notice that SAS -> SATA controller change may result in device naming change, probably /dev/daX will become /dev/adaX, so unless you are using zfs or mounting your disks via disk labels, you'll have to edit /etc/fstab.



          As about your gstat output - there's clearly something wrong with it, probably to the nature of the virtual environment support in FreeBSD. 600% load is nonsense. I suggest you report this into the FreeBSD Bugzilla.



          P.S. The advice to change disk provisioning controller type still stands.
          P.P.S. Or. Or I would try to lover the queue length of the mpt(4) to 128 or even 64.






          share|improve this answer















          If you are using VMWare, thus mpt(4) is purely virtual, I would suggest changing it to something more simple, like ICH10.



          Otherwise I suggest you play with camcontrol tags, either increasing or decreasing queue length.



          If you'll chose to reprovision disks using another driver, notice that SAS -> SATA controller change may result in device naming change, probably /dev/daX will become /dev/adaX, so unless you are using zfs or mounting your disks via disk labels, you'll have to edit /etc/fstab.



          As about your gstat output - there's clearly something wrong with it, probably to the nature of the virtual environment support in FreeBSD. 600% load is nonsense. I suggest you report this into the FreeBSD Bugzilla.



          P.S. The advice to change disk provisioning controller type still stands.
          P.P.S. Or. Or I would try to lover the queue length of the mpt(4) to 128 or even 64.







          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited Sep 25 '15 at 10:33

























          answered Sep 25 '15 at 8:53









          drookiedrookie

          6,16211219




          6,16211219












          • Thanks for your answer @drookie, please let me get back with a gstat snapshot to start with. The man page says that novice users (like me), should stay away from camcontrol - sounds a bit scary.

            – Alldo
            Sep 25 '15 at 9:44











          • Your'e right, but this time I advise you so. I tried this by myself on mpt(4) with LSI 1064 controller family, no devastating or even harmful consequencies encountered (though I didn't notice any improvements too, in my case). But you're right, it's your equipment. I updated my answer too, please notice changes.

            – drookie
            Sep 25 '15 at 10:32











          • Thanks again @drookie - I have found this, that seems to address and fix this exact problem: svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111 A upgrade to 10.2-Release resolved the issues. Thanks for your input!

            – Alldo
            Oct 1 '15 at 6:09

















          • Thanks for your answer @drookie, please let me get back with a gstat snapshot to start with. The man page says that novice users (like me), should stay away from camcontrol - sounds a bit scary.

            – Alldo
            Sep 25 '15 at 9:44











          • Your'e right, but this time I advise you so. I tried this by myself on mpt(4) with LSI 1064 controller family, no devastating or even harmful consequencies encountered (though I didn't notice any improvements too, in my case). But you're right, it's your equipment. I updated my answer too, please notice changes.

            – drookie
            Sep 25 '15 at 10:32











          • Thanks again @drookie - I have found this, that seems to address and fix this exact problem: svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111 A upgrade to 10.2-Release resolved the issues. Thanks for your input!

            – Alldo
            Oct 1 '15 at 6:09
















          Thanks for your answer @drookie, please let me get back with a gstat snapshot to start with. The man page says that novice users (like me), should stay away from camcontrol - sounds a bit scary.

          – Alldo
          Sep 25 '15 at 9:44





          Thanks for your answer @drookie, please let me get back with a gstat snapshot to start with. The man page says that novice users (like me), should stay away from camcontrol - sounds a bit scary.

          – Alldo
          Sep 25 '15 at 9:44













          Your'e right, but this time I advise you so. I tried this by myself on mpt(4) with LSI 1064 controller family, no devastating or even harmful consequencies encountered (though I didn't notice any improvements too, in my case). But you're right, it's your equipment. I updated my answer too, please notice changes.

          – drookie
          Sep 25 '15 at 10:32





          Your'e right, but this time I advise you so. I tried this by myself on mpt(4) with LSI 1064 controller family, no devastating or even harmful consequencies encountered (though I didn't notice any improvements too, in my case). But you're right, it's your equipment. I updated my answer too, please notice changes.

          – drookie
          Sep 25 '15 at 10:32













          Thanks again @drookie - I have found this, that seems to address and fix this exact problem: svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111 A upgrade to 10.2-Release resolved the issues. Thanks for your input!

          – Alldo
          Oct 1 '15 at 6:09





          Thanks again @drookie - I have found this, that seems to address and fix this exact problem: svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=278111 A upgrade to 10.2-Release resolved the issues. Thanks for your input!

          – Alldo
          Oct 1 '15 at 6:09

















          draft saved

          draft discarded
















































          Thanks for contributing an answer to Server Fault!


          • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

          But avoid


          • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

          • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

          To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




          draft saved


          draft discarded














          StackExchange.ready(
          function ()
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fserverfault.com%2fquestions%2f724757%2ffreebsd-vmware-and-cam-status-scsi-status-error%23new-answer', 'question_page');

          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown





















































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown

































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown







          s jcvdtr6AcKkQRfjUut TZ7Cao7hI2GVD
          b,z7b,ex2Px t,J qrSfPOmJ5bIhsSSA719 xg dGVLyLRcW6Xj5bJrIZB,fOiATM,RKzIdIUYdGW

          Popular posts from this blog

          RemoteApp sporadic failureWindows 2008 RemoteAPP client disconnects within a matter of minutesWhat is the minimum version of RDP supported by Server 2012 RDS?How to configure a Remoteapp server to increase stabilityMicrosoft RemoteApp Active SessionRDWeb TS connection broken for some users post RemoteApp certificate changeRemote Desktop Licensing, RemoteAPPRDS 2012 R2 some users are not able to logon after changed date and time on Connection BrokersWhat happens during Remote Desktop logon, and is there any logging?After installing RDS on WinServer 2016 I still can only connect with two users?RD Connection via RDGW to Session host is not connecting

          Vilaño, A Laracha Índice Patrimonio | Lugares e parroquias | Véxase tamén | Menú de navegación43°14′52″N 8°36′03″O / 43.24775, -8.60070

          Cegueira Índice Epidemioloxía | Deficiencia visual | Tipos de cegueira | Principais causas de cegueira | Tratamento | Técnicas de adaptación e axudas | Vida dos cegos | Primeiros auxilios | Crenzas respecto das persoas cegas | Crenzas das persoas cegas | O neno deficiente visual | Aspectos psicolóxicos da cegueira | Notas | Véxase tamén | Menú de navegación54.054.154.436928256blindnessDicionario da Real Academia GalegaPortal das Palabras"International Standards: Visual Standards — Aspects and Ranges of Vision Loss with Emphasis on Population Surveys.""Visual impairment and blindness""Presentan un plan para previr a cegueira"o orixinalACCDV Associació Catalana de Cecs i Disminuïts Visuals - PMFTrachoma"Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber's congenital amaurosis"1844137110.1056/NEJMoa0802268Cans guía - os mellores amigos dos cegosArquivadoEscola de cans guía para cegos en Mortágua, PortugalArquivado"Tecnología para ciegos y deficientes visuales. Recopilación de recursos gratuitos en la Red""Colorino""‘COL.diesis’, escuchar los sonidos del color""COL.diesis: Transforming Colour into Melody and Implementing the Result in a Colour Sensor Device"o orixinal"Sistema de desarrollo de sinestesia color-sonido para invidentes utilizando un protocolo de audio""Enseñanza táctil - geometría y color. Juegos didácticos para niños ciegos y videntes""Sistema Constanz"L'ocupació laboral dels cecs a l'Estat espanyol està pràcticament equiparada a la de les persones amb visió, entrevista amb Pedro ZuritaONCE (Organización Nacional de Cegos de España)Prevención da cegueiraDescrición de deficiencias visuais (Disc@pnet)Braillín, un boneco atractivo para calquera neno, con ou sen discapacidade, que permite familiarizarse co sistema de escritura e lectura brailleAxudas Técnicas36838ID00897494007150-90057129528256DOID:1432HP:0000618D001766C10.597.751.941.162C97109C0155020