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民法大全 目录 编纂 构成 参见 参考文献 外部連結 导航菜单Code of JustinianRoman lawJustice Fred Blume and the Translation of Justinian's CodeCorpus Iuris Civilis编

罗马帝国专制期君士坦丁王朝瓦伦提尼安王朝狄奥多西王朝利奥王朝查士丁尼王朝希拉克略王朝二十年动乱期伊苏里亚王朝尼基弗里亚王朝弗里吉亚王朝马其顿王朝杜卡斯王朝科穆宁王朝安格洛斯王朝第四次十字军东征拉丁帝国尼西亚帝国伊庇鲁斯专制国塞萨洛尼基帝国摩里亚专制国特拉比松帝国其他巴列奥略王朝坎塔库泽努斯王朝君士坦丁堡的陷落皇帝巴西琉斯独裁者元老院政府机构君士坦丁堡城督各道节度使官长圣典伯内库伯圣殿執法官邮政会计司库总务会计军需会计国库度支私库度支特别财务秘书书记长机要秘书大会计官仲裁官各道管区行省军事监察区拉文纳总督区阿非利加总督区军区要冲区旗校尉管区省督专制君主条约外交官世俗建筑宗教建筑十字圆顶圆顶君士坦丁堡大皇宫布拉赫奈宫圣索菲亚大教堂神圣和平教堂科拉教堂帕玛卡利斯托斯教堂君士坦丁堡城墙加莱里乌斯拱门圣迪米特里奥斯教堂圣索菲亚教堂帕纳吉亚查肯教堂圣维塔教堂克拉塞的圣亚坡理纳圣殿新圣亚坡理纳圣殿达夫尼修道院俄西俄斯罗卡斯修道院希俄斯新修道院圣凯瑟琳修道院米斯特拉斯圣像搪瓷马赛克画家马其顿王朝艺术科穆宁文艺复兴农业造币造币厂贸易丝绸丝绸之路瓦兰吉人势家小说防人歌迪杰尼斯防人歌亚历山大传奇历史学家历法烹饪舞蹈衣着旗帜及徽章竞技场音乐八調人民拜占庭希腊人奴隶度量衡科学百科全书发明医学哲学新柏拉图主义学者大学拜占庭联邦拜占庭学博物馆拜占庭主义西里尔字母拜占庭建筑复兴文艺复兴时期的希腊学者第三罗马伟大理想


罗马法拜占庭法律已廢止憲法法学书籍


东罗马帝国查士丁尼一世法律法学家法律解释法学法学阶梯查士丁尼一世大陆法系民法典民法学查士丁尼一世查士丁尼查士丁尼查士丁尼法学阶梯法学阶梯学说汇纂法学阶梯拉丁语新律希腊语罗马帝国












民法大全




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《民法大全》（Corpus Juris（亦作Iuris） Civilis），又称《查士丁尼法典》或《国法大全》，是东罗马帝国皇帝查士丁尼一世下令编纂的一部汇编式法典，完成于公元529至565年。[1]


严格来说，《民法大全》并不是一个新的法典。《民法大全》主要收集了罗马帝国的法律，以及权威法学家的法律解释。另外，此汇编也包括了给法律学生当作法学入门教材的法学阶梯，以及查士丁尼一世所颁布的新法律。[1]在整个编纂工程完成之后，任何对于《民法大全》的评论或者其他立法都被禁止。该法奠定了后世法学尤其是大陆法系民法典的基础，是法学研究者研究民法学不可或缺的重要文献资料之一。




目录





  • 1 编纂


  • 2 构成


  • 3 参见


  • 4 参考文献


  • 5 外部連結




编纂


公元527年，在罗马帝国皇帝查士丁尼一世开始其统治时，罗马帝国的法律极度的混乱。 当时的罗马法律由两个部分组成，旧法和新法。[2]


旧法包括：


  • 在罗马共和国和早期罗马帝国下被颁布，且尚未被废弃的法律;


  • 罗马元老院在共和国时代及帝国开始的两个世纪期间通过的法令;

  • 法学家的著作，特别是被皇帝赋予宣告法律之权的法学家著作。

虽然关于旧法的法条汇编和和学术著作众多，但是许多已部分缺失或完全失传。存世的记录中，亦有诸多真实性存疑之处。各种法律文本为数众多，完整誊抄的成本太高，以至于公共图书馆也没有完整的馆藏。此外，这些著作也包含许多不一致之处。[2]


新法由帝国中后期的皇帝颁布的法律组成，同样处于混乱的状态。这些法条（constitutiones）数量繁多且相互矛盾。由于没有完整的汇编（早期的法典均不完整），部分法条亦必须单独搜寻。因此，查士丁尼认为有必要将有效的新旧法，均汇集在一个完整的法典中，并且调和其中矛盾和不一致之处。[2]


查士丁尼登基后，即任命了一个处理帝国法律的委员会。十名委员审查了尚存的所有法条，选出了依然具有实用价值的部分。委员会删除了所有不必要的文字，在矛盾的法条中选择了其中的一部，并调整了所有法律，以适应查士丁尼时代的情况。由此产生的法典（Codex Constitutionum）于529年正式颁布，所有不在其中的帝国法律均被废除。该法典已经丢失，但其534年的修订版作为民法大全的一部分依然传世。[2]


法典的颁布后，其成功鼓励了查士丁尼，让其开始尝试更困难的，汇总并简化法学家的的著作的任务。此前，权威法学家著作的矛盾之处为处理诉讼造成了困难。[3]从530年起，16名杰出的律师组成了新委员会，开始将众多法学家的著作编纂、阐明、简化及排列顺序。[2]其成果于533年发表，存于50本书中，后来被称为学说汇纂（Digesta 或 Pandectae）。学说汇纂作为法律颁布，具有法律效力。此外，其它所有法学著作的官方地位均被废除。这些著作在此后，即使是为了澄清观点，也不得被引用。[2]


大约在同一时间，查士丁尼也颁布了概述罗马法律的法学阶梯。


查士丁尼在534年至其在565年去世前，发布了许多涉及许多主题的法律，并在许多方面的法律做出了重大的修改。这些法律被称为新律（Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem）。[2]



构成


《民法大全》由四部分组成，分别为法典（Codex Constitutionum）、学说汇纂（Digesta 或 Pandectae）、法学阶梯以及新律（Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem）。[1]


法典、学说汇纂、法学阶梯均以拉丁语写成。[1]而新律则大部分以希腊语写成，但亦有官方的拉丁语译本，以供罗马帝国的西半部使用。[1]



参见


  • 罗马法


参考文献




  1. ^ 1.01.11.21.31.4 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (编). Code of Justinian. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 2018. 


  2. ^ 2.02.12.22.32.42.52.6 Albert Roland Kiralfy、Paolo Carozza等. Roman law. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018. 


  3. ^ Timothy G. Kearley. Justice Fred Blume and the Translation of Justinian's Code (PDF). George W. Hopper Law Library. [2018-07-28]. 



外部連結


  • Fred H. Blume：[1], Annotated Justinian Code.


  • Corpus Iuris Civilis, Hugues de la Porte, Lion, 1558-1560.




取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=民法大全&oldid=53811732”










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